Literature Review: Decision-making for Adult Disability Payment
This literature review commissioned by the Scottish Commission on Social Security and produced by The Lines Between, explores decision-making for Adult Disability Payment.
Contents
8. Works cited
| Audit Scotland, “Adult Disability Payment,” Scottish Parliament, Edinburgh, 2025. |
| E. Harris, “The Independent Review of Adult Disability Payment,” Scottish Government, 2024, Edinburgh. |
| Scottish Government, “Disability benefits policy evaluation: Decision-making,” Scottish Government, Scotland, 2026. |
| C. Kidner, “Disability Benefit Reform - Implications for Scotland,” SPICe Spotlight, 18 March 2025. |
| Social Security Scotland, “Client Survey - Adult and Child Disability Payment October 2024 March 2025: Summary Report,” Social Research, Scotland, 2025. |
| C. O'Cinneide, “The Social Security (Scotland) Act 2018 – A Rights-Based Approach to Social Security?,” Edinburgh Law Review, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 117-123, 2019. |
| Scottish Government, “A New Future for Social Security: Consultation on Social Security in Scotland,” p. 3, 2016. |
| S. Wright, A. B. Stewart and P. Dwyer, “Final Findings: Social Security in Scotland,” ESRC, 2018. |
| P. Gray, “The Second Independent Review of the Personal Independence Payment Assessment,” Department for Work and Pensions, London, 2017. |
| G. Bowron, “From Assessment to Exclusion: Exploring the Role of Disability Hierarchies in PIP Claimant Experiences,” LSE Department of Social Policy, London, 2024. |
| M. Davies, L. Porter , H. Lepps and A. Bicquelet, “Experiences of Personal Independence Payment (PIP) for people with sensory loss,” Thomas Pocklington Trust, Royal National Institute of Blind People,, 2017. |
| H. Roberts, S. R. Stuart, S. Allan and A. Gumley, “‘It’s like the Sword of Damocles’ – A trauma informed framework analysis of individuals’ experiences of assessment for the Personal Independence Payment benefit in the UK,” Journal of Social Policy, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 997-1015, 2022. |
| K. Pybus, K. E. Pickett, C. Lloyd, S. L. Prady and E. R. Wilkenson, “Functional assessments in the UK social security system: the experiences of claimants,” Journal of Social Policy, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 305-322, 2021. |
| Department for Work and Pensions, “Health Transformation Programme management information to January 2025,” Department for Work and Pensions, London, 2025. |
| J. Barry, M. Blake, L. Bridges, D. Candy, E. Carragher, E. Duxbury, H. Fowler, C. Lambert and L. Morris, “Personal Independence Claimant Research - Final Report,” Department for Work and Pensions, London, 2018. |
| Department for Work and Pensions, “Question for Department of Work and Pensions: Personal Independence Payment Medical Examinations,” UK Parliament, London, 2024. |
| A. Mackley, F. Hobson and S. Kennedy, “Personal Independence Payment and disabled people,” House of Commons Library, London, 2025. |
| L. Judge and L. Murphy, “Delivering dignity? Early Lessons from the Introduction of Adult Disability Payment in Scotland,” Resolution Foundation, 2025. |
| S. Halliday, T. Csoban, R. Friskney, G. Macintyre, J. Meers, B. Seyd and J. Tomlinson, “Bureaucratic justice in disability benefits.,” Administrative Fairness Lab Report, 2025. |
| D. Heap, “Goodbye to PIP, but hello to what? Disability, social security, devolution and policy change in Scotland,” Policy Press, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 170-180, 2024. |
| Scottish Government, “Adult Disability Payment: Consultation on the Mobility Component,” Scottish Government, Edinburgh, 2023. |
| MS Society, “Send your MSP a message: scrap the PIP 20m rule,” MS Society, 2021. |
| Scottish Government, “Adult Disability Payment Regulations: Analysis of Consultation Responses,” Scottish Government, Edinburgh, 2021. |
| Social Security Scotland, “Client Survey - 2023-2024: Summary Report,” Social Research, Scotland, 2024. |
| Resolution Foundation, “Reforms to Scottish disability payments suggest that the system can be kinder without being costlier,” Resolution Foundation, 2025. |
| Scottish Government, “Scottish Government Response to the Independent Review of Adult Disability Payment Final Report,” Scottish Government, Scotland, 2026. |
| mygov.scot, “Consultations Overview,” [Online]. Available: https://www.mygov.scot/adult disability-payment-consultations. |
| Scottish Government , “Scottish Government Response to the Independent Review of Adult Disability Payment Final Report,” Scottish Government, Scotland, 2026. |
| Benefits and Work: Guides you can trust, “More positive changes for Scottish PIP claimants as ADP rolls out,” 17 March 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.benefitsandwork.co.uk/news/more-positive-changes-for-scottish-pip-claimants as-adp-rolls-out. [Accessed 27 February 2026]. |
| Scottish Government, “Disability benefits - supporting information: qualitative research,” Scottish Government , Scotland, 2023. |
| mygov.scot, “If you need help challenging a decision,” Scottish Government, 2026. |
| Social Security Scotland, “Information relating to new applications to Adult Disability Payment scheme: FOI release,” Social Security Scotland, Edinburgh, 2024. |
| E. Young, “From advice to action: Improving access to disability payments,” Citizens Advice Scotland, Scotland, 2025. |
| Disability Rights UK, “Independent Review of Scottish Adult Disability Payment Highlights Importance Of “A Compassionate, Practical And Accessible System”,” 1 August 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.disabilityrightsuk.org/news/independent-review-scottish-adult disability-payment-highlights-importance-%E2%80%9C-compassionate. [Accessed 16 2 2026]. |
| Social Security Scotland, “Adult Disability Payment Statistics March 2025 to 31 October 2025,” Social Security Scotland, Scotland, 2025. |
| Department for Work and Pensions, “Personal Independence Payment: Official Statistics to October 2025,” gov.uk, London, 2025. |
| Department for Work and Pensions, “Personal Independence Payment Statistics to April 2025,” gov.uk, London, 2025. |
| Social Security Scotland, “Information relating to pending Adult Disability Payment applications awaiting supporting information: FOI release,” 26 April 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.socialsecurity.gov.scot/publications/2024/04/information-relating-to-pending adult-disability-payment-applications-awaiting-supporting-information-foi-release. [Accessed 1 February 2026]. |
| Social Security Scotland, “Information relating to Adult Disability Payment applications which are delayed due to an IT issue: FOI release,” 5 March 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.socialsecurity.gov.scot/publications/2024/03/information-relating-to-adult disability-payment-applications-which-are-delayed-due-to-an-it-issue-foi-release. [Accessed 5 February 2026]. |
| P. Gray, “An Independent Review of Personal Independent Payment Assessment,” UK Government, London, 2014. |
| S. Ray-Chaudhuri and T. Waters, “What has happened to disability benefits in Scotland? An update,” Institute for Fiscal Studies, 2024. |
| E. Congreve, “New awards of disability benefits for adults: Comparing Scotland with England and Wales,” Scottish Health Equity Research Unit, Glasgow, 2024. |
| Citizens Advice Scotland, “Challenging a Social Security Scotland benefit decision,” Citizens Advice, [Online]. Available: https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/scotland/benefits/benefits introduction/problems-with-benefits-and-tax-credits/challenging-benefit decisions/challenging-a-social-security-scotland-decision/challenging-a-social-security scotland-benefit-decision/. [Accessed 24 February 2026]. |
| Citizens Advice , “Challenging a PIP decision - mandatory reconsideration,” Citizens Advice, [Online]. Available: https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/benefits/sick-or-disabled-people-and carers/pip/appeals/mandatory-reconsideration-pip/. [Accessed 24 February 2026]. |
| Department for Work and Pensions, “Personal Independence statistics to July 2025,” UK Government, London, 2025. |
| R. Erez, “PIP fails: how the PIP process betrays people with MS,” MS Society, 2019. |
| Citizens Advice Scotland, “Client experience of Social Security Scotland’s redetermination and appeals process,” Scottish Parliament, Edinburgh, 2024. |
| C. Barnard and A. Ludlow, “Administrative (in)justice? Appellants’ experiences of accessing justice in social security tribunals.,” Public Law: the constitutional and administrative law of the commonwealth, 2022. |
| W. Rader, “Personal Independence Payment: An Independent Review of the Assessment Process,” Department of Communities (Northern Ireland), Belfast, 2018. |
| M. Cavanaugh, “Personal Independence Payment: A Second Independent Review of the Assessment Process,” Department of Communities (Northern Ireland), Belfast, 2020. |
| Child Action Poverty Group, “Response to the Adult Disability Payment Review: Call for Views,” CPAG, Scotland, 2024. |
| Child Poverty Action Group, “'Mandatory Reconsideration' in 2024: A briefing from CPAG's early warning system,” Child Poverty Action Group, 2014. |
| L. Blair, “A Rubber Stamp: Mandatory Reconsideration in the Personal Independence Payment application process,” Citizens Advice, Surrey, 2019. |
| K. Pybus, K. E. Pickett, S. L. Prady, C. Lloyd and R. Wilkenson, “Discrediting experiences: outcomes of eligibility assessments for claimants with psychiatric compared with non psychiatric conditions transferring to Personal Independence Payments in England,” British Journal of Psychiatry Open, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1-5, 2019. |
| F. McCormack and R. Machin, “The impact of the transition to Personal Independence Payment on claimants with mental health problems,” Disability & Society, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1029-1052, 2021. |
| Department for Work and Pensions, “Understanding PIP Applicant Experiences: the experience of applicants with anxiety,” Department for Work and Pensions, London, 2025. |
| Department for Communities Northern Ireland, “Personal Independence Payment Statistics - November 2025,” Department for Communities Northern Ireland, Belfast, 2025. |
| D. Kasparova, A. Marsh and D. Wilkinson, “The take-up rate of Disability Living Allowance and Attendance Allowance: Feasibility study,” Department for Work and Pensions, London, 2007. |
| Citizens Advice Scotland, “Insights into Adult Disability Payment: Evidence from Citizens Advice Scotland Quarter3 2025-2026,” Citizens Advice Scotland, Scotland, 2026. |
| Citizens Advice, “Written evidence from Citizens Advice (PIP0014),” UK Parliament, London, 2017. |
| Department for Work and Pensions, “Applicants' Journeys to Claiming PIP: Research,” Department for Work and Pensions, London, 2025. |
| Citizens Advice Scotland, “Client experience of Social Security Scotland’s redetermination and appeals process,” Scottish Parliament, Edinburgh, 2024. |
| Citizens Advice Scotland, “Insight into Adult Disability Payment: Evidence from Citizzens Advice Scotland Quarter 1 2025-2026,” Citizens Advice Scotland, Scotland, 2025. |
| Social Security Scotland, “Social Security Experience Panels - re-determinations and appeals, fraud and special measures for COVID-19: main report,” Social Security Scotland, Scotland, 2023. |
| SCoSS, “Scrutiny report on draft regulations: Disability Assistance for Working Age People (Scotland) Regulations,” Scottish Parliament, Edinburgh, 2021. |
| Social Research, “Client experiences of re-determinations, appeals and complaints,” Social Security Scotland, Scotland, 2024. |
| J. Shaw, “Jam today? The financial impact of claiming short-term assistance in Scotland,” Child Poverty Action Group, Scotland, 2023. |
| Social Security Scotland, “Benefit processing times and targets: FOI release,” Scottish Parliament, Edinburgh, 2023. |
| Scottish Government, “Independent Review of Adult Disability Payment: Call for evidence and consultation analysis,” Scottish Government, Scotland, 2024. |
| Scottish Government, “Evidence Review of Inequaities and Challenges Experienced by Disabled People in Scotland,” Scottish Government, Scotland, 2026. |